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610 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
610 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
<div align="center">
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<h1> 30 天 Python：第四天 - Strings</h1>
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<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
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</a>
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<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
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<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
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</a>
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<sub>作者:
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
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<small> 第二版：2021 年 7 月</small>
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</sub>
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</div>
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[<< 第三天](./03_operators.md) | [第五天 >>](./05_lists.md)
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阅读大约需要：20m
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- [第四天](#第四天)
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- [字符串](#字符串)
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- [创建字符串](#创建字符串)
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- [字符串串联](#字符串串联)
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- [字符串中的转译序列](#字符串中的转译序列)
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- [字符串格式化](#字符串格式化)
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- [传统风格字符串格式化 (% 操作符)](#传统风格字符串格式化--操作符)
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- [新式字符串格式化 (str.format)](#新式字符串格式化-strformat)
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- [字符串插值 / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)](#字符串插值--f-strings-python-36)
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- [Python 字符串是字符序列](#python-字符串是字符序列)
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- [拆解字符](#拆解字符)
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- [通过索引获取字符串中的字符](#通过索引获取字符串中的字符)
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- [字符串切片](#字符串切片)
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- [字符串反转](#字符串反转)
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- [切片时跳过字符](#切片时跳过字符)
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- [字符串方法](#字符串方法)
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- [💻 练习 - 第四天](#-练习---第四天)
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# 第四天
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## 字符串
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文本是一种字符串数据类型。任何以文本形式书写的数据类型都是字符串。任何用单引号、双引号或三引号括起来的数据都是字符串。有很多方法和内置函数来处理字符串类型的数据。使用 len() 方法获取字符串的长度。
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### 创建字符串
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```py
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letter = 'P' # 字符串可以是一个字符，也可以是一堆文字
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print(letter) # P
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print(len(letter)) # 1
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greeting = 'Hello, World!' # 字符串使用单引号或双引号构建，"Hello, World!"
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print(greeting) # Hello, World!
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print(len(greeting)) # 13
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sentence = "I hope you are enjoying 30 days of Python Challenge"
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print(sentence)
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```
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多行字符串使用三个单引号 (''') 或者三个双引号 (""") 创建。 以下为示例：
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```py
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multiline_string = '''I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
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I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
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That is why I created 30 days of python.'''
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print(multiline_string)
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# 换种方式
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multiline_string = """I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
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I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
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That is why I created 30 days of python."""
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print(multiline_string)
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```
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### 字符串串联
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我们可以将字符串连接在一起。合并或连接字符串称为串联。请看下面的示例：
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```py
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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space = ' '
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full_name = first_name + space + last_name
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print(full_name) # Asabeneh Yetayeh
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# 使用 len() 内置函数获取字符串的长度
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print(len(first_name)) # 8
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print(len(last_name)) # 7
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print(len(first_name) > len(last_name)) # True
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print(len(full_name)) # 16
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```
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### 字符串中的转译序列
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在 Python 和其他编程语言中，\ 后跟一个字符是转义序列。以下是一些常见的转义序列：
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- \n: 换行
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- \t: 制表符(4个空格)
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- \\\\: 反斜杠
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- \\': 单引号
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- \\": 双引号
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现在，让我们看看上面的转义序列的用法和示例。
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```py
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print('I hope everyone is enjoying the Python Challenge.\nAre you ?') # 换行
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print('Days\tTopics\tExercises') # 增加一个制表符
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print('Day 1\t5\t5')
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print('Day 2\t6\t20')
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print('Day 3\t5\t23')
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print('Day 4\t1\t35')
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print('This is a backslash symbol (\\)') # 输出反斜杠
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print('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"') # 在单引号里写双引号
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# 输出
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I hope every one is enjoying the Python Challenge.
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Are you ?
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Days Topics Exercises
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Day 1 5 5
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Day 2 6 20
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Day 3 5 23
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Day 4 1 35
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This is a backslash symbol (\)
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In every programming language it starts with "Hello, World!"
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```
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### 字符串格式化
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#### 传统风格字符串格式化 (% 操作符)
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在 Python 中有许多格式化字符串的方法。本节，我们将介绍其中一些方法。
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“%”运算符用于格式化包含在“元组”（固定大小列表）中的一组变量，以及格式字符串，其中包含普通文本以及“参数说明符”、特殊符号如“%s”、“%d”、“%f”、“%.<small>数字</small>f”。
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- %s - 字符串 (或者任何可以用字符串表述的对象，例如数字)
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- %d - 整型
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- %f - 浮点型
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- "%.<small>小数位数</small>f" - 固定精度的浮点数
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```py
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# 仅字符串
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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language = 'Python'
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formated_string = 'I am %s %s. I teach %s' %(first_name, last_name, language)
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print(formated_string)
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# 字符串和数字
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radius = 10
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pi = 3.14
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area = pi * radius ** 2
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formated_string = 'The area of circle with a radius %d is %.2f.' %(radius, area) # 2 表示小数点后的 2 位有效数字
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python_libraries = ['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']
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formated_string = 'The following are python libraries:%s' % (python_libraries)
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print(formated_string) # 输出 "The following are python libraries:['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']"
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```
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#### 新式字符串格式化 (str.format)
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这种格式化方式是在 Python 3 中引入的。
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```py
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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language = 'Python'
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formated_string = 'I am {} {}. I teach {}'.format(first_name, last_name, language)
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print(formated_string)
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a = 4
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b = 3
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print('{} + {} = {}'.format(a, b, a + b))
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print('{} - {} = {}'.format(a, b, a - b))
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print('{} * {} = {}'.format(a, b, a * b))
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print('{} / {} = {:.2f}'.format(a, b, a / b)) # 限制保留两位小数
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print('{} % {} = {}'.format(a, b, a % b))
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print('{} // {} = {}'.format(a, b, a // b))
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print('{} ** {} = {}'.format(a, b, a ** b))
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# 输出
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4 + 3 = 7
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4 - 3 = 1
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4 * 3 = 12
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4 / 3 = 1.33
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4 % 3 = 1
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4 // 3 = 1
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4 ** 3 = 64
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# 字符串和数字
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radius = 10
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pi = 3.14
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area = pi * radius ** 2
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formated_string = 'The area of a circle with a radius {} is {:.2f}.'.format(radius, area) # 保留两位小数
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print(formated_string)
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```
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#### 字符串插值 / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)
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另一种新的字符串格式化是字符串插值，f-strings。字符串以 f 开头，我们可以在相应的位置注入数据。
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```py
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a = 4
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b = 3
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print(f'{a} + {b} = {a +b}')
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print(f'{a} - {b} = {a - b}')
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print(f'{a} * {b} = {a * b}')
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print(f'{a} / {b} = {a / b:.2f}')
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print(f'{a} % {b} = {a % b}')
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print(f'{a} // {b} = {a // b}')
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print(f'{a} ** {b} = {a ** b}')
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```
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### Python 字符串是字符序列
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Python 字符串是字符序列，与其他 Python 有序对象 - 列表和元组 - 共享基本访问方法。从字符串中提取单个字符的最简单方法（以及从任何序列中提取单个成员的方法）是将它们解压缩到相应的变量中。
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#### 拆解字符
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```
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language = 'Python'
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a,b,c,d,e,f = language # 拆解字符串中的字符并赋值给变量
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print(a) # P
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print(b) # y
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print(c) # t
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print(d) # h
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print(e) # o
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print(f) # n
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```
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#### 通过索引获取字符串中的字符
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在编程中，计数从零开始。因此，字符串的第一个字母位于零索引处，字符串的最后一个字母位于字符串长度减一处。
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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first_letter = language[0]
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print(first_letter) # P
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second_letter = language[1]
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print(second_letter) # y
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last_index = len(language) - 1
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last_letter = language[last_index]
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print(last_letter) # n
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```
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如果我们想从右边开始，我们可以使用负索引。-1 是最后一个索引。
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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last_letter = language[-1]
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print(last_letter) # n
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second_last = language[-2]
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print(second_last) # o
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```
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#### 字符串切片
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在 Python 中，我们可以将字符串切片为子字符串。
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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first_three = language[0:3] # 从零索引开始，直到 3 但不包括 3
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print(first_three) #Pyt
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last_three = language[3:6]
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print(last_three) # hon
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# 另一种方式
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last_three = language[-3:]
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print(last_three) # hon
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last_three = language[3:]
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print(last_three) # hon
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```
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#### 字符串反转
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我们可以轻松地反转字符串。
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```py
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greeting = 'Hello, World!'
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print(greeting[::-1]) # !dlroW ,olleH
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```
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#### 切片时跳过字符
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通过将步长参数传递给切片方法，可以在切片时跳过字符。
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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pto = language[0:6:2] #
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print(pto) # Pto
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```
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### 字符串方法
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有许多字符串方法可以让我们格式化字符串。在下面的示例中，我们使用其中一些：
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- capitalize(): 将字符串中的第一个字符转换为大写字母
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.capitalize()) # 'Thirty days of python'
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```
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- count(): 返回字符串中子字符串的出现次数，count(子字符串，start=..，end=..)。start 是计数的起始索引，end 是计数的最后一个索引。
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.count('y')) # 3
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print(challenge.count('y', 7, 14)) # 1,
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print(challenge.count('th')) # 2`
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```
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- endswith(): 判断字符串是否以特定的子字符串结尾，返回 True 或 False
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.endswith('on')) # True
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print(challenge.endswith('tion')) # False
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```
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- expandtabs(): 用空格替换制表符，默认制表符大小为 8。它接受制表符大小参数
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty\tdays\tof\tpython'
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print(challenge.expandtabs()) # 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.expandtabs(10)) # 'thirty days of python'
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```
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- find(): 返回子字符串第一次出现的索引，如果未找到则返回 -1
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
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print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
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```
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- rfind(): 返回子字符串最后一次出现的索引，如果未找到则返回 -1
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.rfind('y')) # 16
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print(challenge.rfind('th')) # 17
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```
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- format(): 将字符串格式化为更美观的输出
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有关字符串格式化的更多信息，请查看此[链接](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/string/format)
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```py
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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age = 250
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job = 'teacher'
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country = 'Finland'
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sentence = 'I am {} {}. I am a {}. I am {} years old. I live in {}.'.format(first_name, last_name, age, job, country)
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print(sentence) # I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250 years old. I am a teacher. I live in Finland.
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radius = 10
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pi = 3.14
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area = pi * radius ** 2
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result = 'The area of a circle with radius {} is {}'.format(str(radius), str(area))
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print(result) # The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314
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```
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- index(): 返回子字符串的最小索引，附加参数表示起始和结束索引（默认为 0，字符串长度为 - 1）。如果未找到子字符串，则会引发 valueError。
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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sub_string = 'da'
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print(challenge.index(sub_string)) # 7
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print(challenge.index(sub_string, 9)) # error
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```
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- rindex(): 返回子字符串的最大索引，附加参数表示起始和结束索引（默认为 0，字符串长度为 - 1）。
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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sub_string = 'da'
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print(challenge.rindex(sub_string)) # 8
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print(challenge.rindex(sub_string, 9)) # error
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```
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- isalnum(): 判断字符串字符是否都是字母数字字符
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```py
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challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
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challenge = '30DaysPython'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # False, 空格不是字母字符
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challenge = 'thirty days of python 2019'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
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```
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- isalpha(): 判断字符串字符是否都是字母字符 (a-z and A-Z)
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isalpha()) # False, 空格不是字母字符
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challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
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print(challenge.isalpha()) # True
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num = '123'
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print(num.isalpha()) # False
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```
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- isdecimal(): 判断符串中的所有字符是否都是十进制 (0-9)
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False
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challenge = '123'
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print(challenge.isdecimal()) # True
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challenge = '\u00B2'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # False
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challenge = '12 3'
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print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False, 含有空格
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```
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- isdigit(): 判断字符串中的所有字符是否都是数字（0-9 和一些其他表示数字的 Unicode 字符）
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```py
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challenge = 'Thirty'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # False
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challenge = '30'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
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challenge = '\u00B2'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
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```
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- isnumeric(): 判断字符串中的所有字符是否都是数字或与数字相关（就像 isdigit()，只是接受更多符号，如 ½）
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|
||
```py
|
||
num = '10'
|
||
print(num.isnumeric()) # True
|
||
num = '\u00BD' # ½
|
||
print(num.isnumeric()) # True
|
||
num = '10.5'
|
||
print(num.isnumeric()) # False
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- isidentifier(): 判断有效的标识符 - 检查字符串是否是有效的变量名
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = '30DaysOfPython'
|
||
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # False, 因为以数字开头
|
||
challenge = 'thirty_days_of_python'
|
||
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # True
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- islower(): 判断字符串中的所有字母是否都是小写
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.islower()) # True
|
||
challenge = 'Thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.islower()) # False
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- isupper(): 判断字符串中的所有字母是否都是大写
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.isupper()) # False
|
||
challenge = 'THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON'
|
||
print(challenge.isupper()) # True
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- join(): 返回连接后的字符串
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
|
||
result = ' '.join(web_tech)
|
||
print(result) # 'HTML CSS JavaScript React'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
|
||
result = '# '.join(web_tech)
|
||
print(result) # 'HTML# CSS# JavaScript# React'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- strip(): 删除字符串开头和结尾的所有给定字符
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of pythoonnn'
|
||
print(challenge.strip('noth')) # 'irty days of py'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- replace(): 用给定的字符串替换子字符串
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.replace('python', 'coding')) # 'thirty days of coding'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- split(): 使用给定的字符串或空格作为分隔符来拆分字符串
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.split()) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
|
||
challenge = 'thirty, days, of, python'
|
||
print(challenge.split(', ')) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- title(): 返回标题大小写的字符串
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.title()) # Thirty Days Of Python
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- swapcase(): 将所有大写字符转换为小写字符，将所有小写字符转换为大写字符
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.swapcase()) # THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON
|
||
challenge = 'Thirty Days Of Python'
|
||
print(challenge.swapcase()) # tHIRTY dAYS oF pYTHON
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- startswith(): 判断字符串是否以指定字符串开头
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # True
|
||
|
||
challenge = '30 days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # False
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
🌕 你是一个非凡的人，你拥有非凡的潜力。你刚刚完成了第 4 天的挑战，你在成为伟人的路上已经迈出四步。现在做一些练习来锻练你的大脑和肌肉。
|
||
|
||
## 💻 练习 - 第四天
|
||
|
||
1. 将字符串 'Thirty', 'Days', 'Of', 'Python' 连接为一个字符串 'Thirty Days Of Python'。
|
||
2. 将字符串 'Coding', 'For', 'All' 连接为一个字符串 'Coding For All'。
|
||
3. 声明一个名为 company 的变量，并将其赋值为初始值 "Coding For All"。
|
||
4. 使用 _print()_ 打印变量 company。
|
||
5. 使用 _len()_ 方法和 _print()_ 打印 company 字符串的长度。
|
||
6. 使用 _upper()_ 方法将所有字符更改为大写字母。
|
||
7. 使用 _lower()_ 方法将所有字符更改为小写字母。
|
||
8. 使用 _capitalize()_、_title()_ 和 _swapcase()_ 方法格式化字符串 _Coding For All_。
|
||
9. 切片出 _Coding For All_ 字符串的第一个单词。
|
||
10. 使用 index、find 或其他方法检查 _Coding For All_ 字符串是否包含单词 Coding。
|
||
11. 将字符串 'Coding For All' 中的单词 coding 替换为 Python。
|
||
12. 使用 replace 方法或其他方法将 Python for Everyone 替换为 Python for All。
|
||
13. 使用空格作为分隔符拆分字符串 'Coding For All'。
|
||
14. 在逗号处拆分字符串 'Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Oracle, Amazon'。
|
||
15. 字符串 _Coding For All_ 中索引 0 处的字符是什么。
|
||
16. 字符串 _Coding For All_ 的最后一个索引是什么。
|
||
17. 字符串 _Coding For All_ 中索引 10 处的字符是什么。
|
||
18. 为字符串 'Python For Everyone' 创建首字母缩略词或缩写
|
||
19. 为名称 'Coding For All' 创建首字母缩略词或缩写。
|
||
20. 使用索引确定 'Coding For All' 中 C 第一次出现的位置。
|
||
21. 使用索引确定 'Coding For All' 中 F 第一次出现的位置。
|
||
22. 使用 rfind 确定 'Coding For All People' 中 l 最后一次出现的位置。
|
||
23. 使用 index 或 find 查找以下句子中单词 'because' 第一次出现的位置：'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
24. 使用 rindex 查找以下句子中单词 because 最后一次出现的位置：'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
25. 删除以下句子中短语 'because because because'：'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
26. 查找以下句子中单词 'because' 第一次出现的位置：'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
27. 删除以下句子中短语 'because 因为 because'：'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
28. '\'Coding For All' 是否以子字符串 _Coding_ 开头？
|
||
29. 'Coding For All' 是否以子字符串 _coding_ 结尾？
|
||
30. ' Coding For All ' , 删除给定字符串中左右空格。
|
||
31. 当我们使用方法 isidentifier() 时，下列哪一个变量返回 True:
|
||
- 30DaysOfPython
|
||
- thirty_days_of_python
|
||
32. 以下列表包含一些 Python 库的名称：['Django', 'Flask', 'Bottle', 'Pyramid', 'Falcon']。使用空格连接字符串。
|
||
33. 使用换行转义序列分隔以下句子。
|
||
```py
|
||
I am enjoying this challenge.
|
||
I just wonder what is next.
|
||
```
|
||
34. 使用制表符转义序列输出以下内容。
|
||
```py
|
||
Name Age Country City
|
||
Asabeneh 250 Finland Helsinki
|
||
```
|
||
35. 使用字符串格式化方法输出以下内容:
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
radius = 10
|
||
area = 3.14 * radius ** 2
|
||
The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314 meters square.
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
36. 使用字符串格式化方法输出以下内容:
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
8 + 6 = 14
|
||
8 - 6 = 2
|
||
8 * 6 = 48
|
||
8 / 6 = 1.33
|
||
8 % 6 = 2
|
||
8 // 6 = 1
|
||
8 ** 6 = 262144
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
🎉 恭喜 ! 🎉
|
||
|
||
[<< 第三天](./03_operators.md) | [第五天 >>](./05_lists.md)
|
||
|
||
|