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606 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
606 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
<div align="center">
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<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 4 - Strings</h1>
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<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
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</a>
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<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
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<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
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</a>
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<sub>Author:
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
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<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
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</sub>
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</div>
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[<< Day 3](../03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md) | [Day 5 >>](../05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md)
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- [Day 4](#day-4)
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- [Strings](#strings)
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- [Creating a String](#creating-a-string)
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- [String Concatenation](#string-concatenation)
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- [Escape Sequences in Strings](#escape-sequences-in-strings)
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- [String formatting](#string-formatting)
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- [Old Style String Formatting (% Operator)](#old-style-string-formatting--operator)
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- [New Style String Formatting (str.format)](#new-style-string-formatting-strformat)
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- [String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)](#string-interpolation--f-strings-python-36)
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- [Python Strings as Sequences of Characters](#python-strings-as-sequences-of-characters)
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- [Unpacking Characters](#unpacking-characters)
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- [Accessing Characters in Strings by Index](#accessing-characters-in-strings-by-index)
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- [Slicing Python Strings](#slicing-python-strings)
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- [Reversing a String](#reversing-a-string)
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- [Skipping Characters While Slicing](#skipping-characters-while-slicing)
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- [String Methods](#string-methods)
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- [💻 Exercises - Day 4](#-exercises---day-4)
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# Day 4
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## Strings
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Text is a string data type. Any data type written as text is a string. Any data under single, double or triple quote are strings. There are different string methods and built-in functions to deal with string data types. To check the length of a string use the len() method.
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### Creating a String
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```py
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letter = 'P' # A string could be a single character or a bunch of texts
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print(letter) # P
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print(len(letter)) # 1
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greeting = 'Hello, World!' # String could be made using a single or double quote,"Hello, World!"
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print(greeting) # Hello, World!
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print(len(greeting)) # 13
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sentence = "I hope you are enjoying 30 days of Python Challenge"
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print(sentence)
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```
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Multiline string is created by using triple single (''') or triple double quotes ("""). See the example below.
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```py
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multiline_string = '''I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
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I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
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That is why I created 30 days of python.'''
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print(multiline_string)
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# Another way of doing the same thing
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multiline_string = """I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
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I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
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That is why I created 30 days of python."""
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print(multiline_string)
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```
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### String Concatenation
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We can connect strings together. Merging or connecting strings is called concatenation. See the example below:
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```py
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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space = ' '
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full_name = first_name + space + last_name
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print(full_name) # Asabeneh Yetayeh
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# Checking the length of a string using len() built-in function
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print(len(first_name)) # 8
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print(len(last_name)) # 7
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print(len(first_name) > len(last_name)) # True
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print(len(full_name)) # 16
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```
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### Escape Sequences in Strings
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In Python and other programming languages \ followed by a character is an escape sequence. Let us see the most common escape characters:
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- \n: new line
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- \t: Tab means(8 spaces)
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- \\\\: Back slash
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- \\': Single quote (')
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- \\": Double quote (")
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Now, let us see the use of the above escape sequences with examples.
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```py
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print('I hope everyone is enjoying the Python Challenge.\nAre you ?') # line break
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print('Days\tTopics\tExercises') # adding tab space or 4 spaces
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print('Day 1\t5\t5')
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print('Day 2\t6\t20')
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print('Day 3\t5\t23')
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print('Day 4\t1\t35')
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print('This is a backslash symbol (\\)') # To write a backslash
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print('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"') # to write a double quote inside a single quote
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# output
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I hope every one is enjoying the Python Challenge.
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Are you ?
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Days Topics Exercises
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Day 1 5 5
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Day 2 6 20
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Day 3 5 23
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Day 4 1 35
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This is a backslash symbol (\)
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In every programming language it starts with "Hello, World!"
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```
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### String formatting
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#### Old Style String Formatting (% Operator)
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In Python there are many ways of formatting strings. In this section, we will cover some of them.
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The "%" operator is used to format a set of variables enclosed in a "tuple" (a fixed size list), together with a format string, which contains normal text together with "argument specifiers", special symbols like "%s", "%d", "%f", "%.<small>number of digits</small>f".
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- %s - String (or any object with a string representation, like numbers)
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- %d - Integers
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- %f - Floating point numbers
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- "%.<small>number of digits</small>f" - Floating point numbers with fixed precision
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```py
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# Strings only
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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language = 'Python'
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formated_string = 'I am %s %s. I teach %s' %(first_name, last_name, language)
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print(formated_string)
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# Strings and numbers
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radius = 10
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pi = 3.14
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area = pi * radius ** 2
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formated_string = 'The area of circle with a radius %d is %.2f.' %(radius, area) # 2 refers the 2 significant digits after the point
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python_libraries = ['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']
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formated_string = 'The following are python libraries:%s' % (python_libraries)
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print(formated_string) # "The following are python libraries:['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']"
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```
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#### New Style String Formatting (str.format)
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This format was introduced in Python version 3.
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```py
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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language = 'Python'
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formated_string = 'I am {} {}. I teach {}'.format(first_name, last_name, language)
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print(formated_string)
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a = 4
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b = 3
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print('{} + {} = {}'.format(a, b, a + b))
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print('{} - {} = {}'.format(a, b, a - b))
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print('{} * {} = {}'.format(a, b, a * b))
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print('{} / {} = {:.2f}'.format(a, b, a / b)) # limits it to two digits after decimal
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print('{} % {} = {}'.format(a, b, a % b))
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print('{} // {} = {}'.format(a, b, a // b))
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print('{} ** {} = {}'.format(a, b, a ** b))
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# output
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4 + 3 = 7
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4 - 3 = 1
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4 * 3 = 12
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4 / 3 = 1.33
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4 % 3 = 1
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4 // 3 = 1
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4 ** 3 = 64
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# Strings and numbers
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radius = 10
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pi = 3.14
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area = pi * radius ** 2
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formated_string = 'The area of a circle with a radius {} is {:.2f}.'.format(radius, area) # 2 digits after decimal
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print(formated_string)
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```
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#### String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)
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Another new string formatting is string interpolation, f-strings. Strings start with f and we can inject the data in their corresponding positions.
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```py
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a = 4
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b = 3
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print(f'{a} + {b} = {a +b}')
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print(f'{a} - {b} = {a - b}')
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print(f'{a} * {b} = {a * b}')
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print(f'{a} / {b} = {a / b:.2f}')
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print(f'{a} % {b} = {a % b}')
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print(f'{a} // {b} = {a // b}')
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print(f'{a} ** {b} = {a ** b}')
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```
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### Python Strings as Sequences of Characters
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Python strings are sequences of characters, and share their basic methods of access with other Python ordered sequences of objects – lists and tuples. The simplest way of extracting single characters from strings (and individual members from any sequence) is to unpack them into corresponding variables.
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#### Unpacking Characters
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```
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language = 'Python'
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a,b,c,d,e,f = language # unpacking sequence characters into variables
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print(a) # P
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print(b) # y
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print(c) # t
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print(d) # h
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print(e) # o
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print(f) # n
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```
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#### Accessing Characters in Strings by Index
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In programming counting starts from zero. Therefore the first letter of a string is at zero index and the last letter of a string is the length of a string minus one.
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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first_letter = language[0]
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print(first_letter) # P
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second_letter = language[1]
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print(second_letter) # y
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last_index = len(language) - 1
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last_letter = language[last_index]
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print(last_letter) # n
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```
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If we want to start from right end we can use negative indexing. -1 is the last index.
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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last_letter = language[-1]
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print(last_letter) # n
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second_last = language[-2]
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print(second_last) # o
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```
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#### Slicing Python Strings
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In python we can slice strings into substrings.
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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first_three = language[0:3] # starts at zero index and up to 3 but not include 3
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print(first_three) #Pyt
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last_three = language[3:6]
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print(last_three) # hon
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# Another way
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last_three = language[-3:]
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print(last_three) # hon
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last_three = language[3:]
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print(last_three) # hon
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```
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#### Reversing a String
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We can easily reverse strings in python.
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```py
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greeting = 'Hello, World!'
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print(greeting[::-1]) # !dlroW ,olleH
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```
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#### Skipping Characters While Slicing
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It is possible to skip characters while slicing by passing step argument to slice method.
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```py
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language = 'Python'
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pto = language[0:6:2] #
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print(pto) # Pto
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```
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### String Methods
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There are many string methods which allow us to format strings. See some of the string methods in the following example:
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- capitalize(): Converts the first character of the string to capital letter
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.capitalize()) # 'Thirty days of python'
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```
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- count(): returns occurrences of substring in string, count(substring, start=.., end=..). The start is a starting indexing for counting and end is the last index to count.
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.count('y')) # 3
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print(challenge.count('y', 7, 14)) # 1,
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print(challenge.count('th')) # 2`
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```
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- endswith(): Checks if a string ends with a specified ending
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.endswith('on')) # True
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print(challenge.endswith('tion')) # False
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```
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- expandtabs(): Replaces tab character with spaces, default tab size is 8. It takes tab size argument
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty\tdays\tof\tpython'
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print(challenge.expandtabs()) # 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.expandtabs(10)) # 'thirty days of python'
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```
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- find(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a substring, if not found returns -1
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
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print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
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```
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- rfind(): Returns the index of the last occurrence of a substring, if not found returns -1
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.rfind('y')) # 16
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print(challenge.rfind('th')) # 17
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```
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- format(): formats string into a nicer output
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More about string formatting check this [link](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/string/format)
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```py
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first_name = 'Asabeneh'
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last_name = 'Yetayeh'
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age = 250
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job = 'teacher'
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country = 'Finland'
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sentence = 'I am {} {}. I am a {}. I am {} years old. I live in {}.'.format(first_name, last_name, job, age, country)
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print(sentence) # I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250 years old. I am a teacher. I live in Finland.
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radius = 10
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pi = 3.14
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area = pi * radius ** 2
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result = 'The area of a circle with radius {} is {}'.format(str(radius), str(area))
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print(result) # The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314
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```
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- index(): Returns the lowest index of a substring, additional arguments indicate starting and ending index (default 0 and string length - 1). If the substring is not found it raises a valueError.
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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sub_string = 'da'
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print(challenge.index(sub_string)) # 7
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print(challenge.index(sub_string, 9)) # error
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```
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- rindex(): Returns the highest index of a substring, additional arguments indicate starting and ending index (default 0 and string length - 1)
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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sub_string = 'da'
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print(challenge.rindex(sub_string)) # 7
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print(challenge.rindex(sub_string, 9)) # error
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print(challenge.rindex('on', 8)) # 19
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```
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- isalnum(): Checks alphanumeric character
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```py
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challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
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challenge = '30DaysPython'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # False, space is not an alphanumeric character
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challenge = 'thirty days of python 2019'
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print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
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```
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- isalpha(): Checks if all string elements are alphabet characters (a-z and A-Z)
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isalpha()) # False, space is once again excluded
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challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
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print(challenge.isalpha()) # True
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num = '123'
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print(num.isalpha()) # False
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```
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- isdecimal(): Checks if all characters in a string are decimal (0-9)
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False
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challenge = '123'
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print(challenge.isdecimal()) # True
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challenge = '\u00B2'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
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challenge = '12 3'
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print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False, space not allowed
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```
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- isdigit(): Checks if all characters in a string are numbers (0-9 and some other unicode characters for numbers)
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```py
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challenge = 'Thirty'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # False
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challenge = '30'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
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challenge = '\u00B2'
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print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
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```
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- isnumeric(): Checks if all characters in a string are numbers or number related (just like isdigit(), just accepts more symbols, like ½)
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```py
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num = '10'
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print(num.isnumeric()) # True
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num = '\u00BD' # ½
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print(num.isnumeric()) # True
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num = '10.5'
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print(num.isnumeric()) # False
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```
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- isidentifier(): Checks for a valid identifier - it checks if a string is a valid variable name
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```py
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challenge = '30DaysOfPython'
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print(challenge.isidentifier()) # False, because it starts with a number
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challenge = 'thirty_days_of_python'
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print(challenge.isidentifier()) # True
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```
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- islower(): Checks if all alphabet characters in the string are lowercase
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.islower()) # True
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challenge = 'Thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.islower()) # False
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```
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- isupper(): Checks if all alphabet characters in the string are uppercase
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.isupper()) # False
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challenge = 'THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON'
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print(challenge.isupper()) # True
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```
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- join(): Returns a concatenated string
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```py
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web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
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result = ' '.join(web_tech)
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print(result) # 'HTML CSS JavaScript React'
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```
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```py
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web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
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result = '# '.join(web_tech)
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print(result) # 'HTML# CSS# JavaScript# React'
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```
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- strip(): Removes all given characters starting from the beginning and end of the string
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of pythoonnn'
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print(challenge.strip('noth')) # 'irty days of py'
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```
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- replace(): Replaces substring with a given string
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.replace('python', 'coding')) # 'thirty days of coding'
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```
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- split(): Splits the string, using given string or space as a separator
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```py
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challenge = 'thirty days of python'
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print(challenge.split()) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
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challenge = 'thirty, days, of, python'
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print(challenge.split(', ')) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
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```
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- title(): Returns a title cased string
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.title()) # Thirty Days Of Python
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- swapcase(): Converts all uppercase characters to lowercase and all lowercase characters to uppercase characters
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.swapcase()) # THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON
|
||
challenge = 'Thirty Days Of Python'
|
||
print(challenge.swapcase()) # tHIRTY dAYS oF pYTHON
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- startswith(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # True
|
||
|
||
challenge = '30 days of python'
|
||
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # False
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
🌕 You are an extraordinary person and you have a remarkable potential. You have just completed day 4 challenges and you are four steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
|
||
|
||
## 💻 Exercises - Day 4
|
||
|
||
1. Concatenate the string 'Thirty', 'Days', 'Of', 'Python' to a single string, 'Thirty Days Of Python'.
|
||
2. Concatenate the string 'Coding', 'For' , 'All' to a single string, 'Coding For All'.
|
||
3. Declare a variable named company and assign it to an initial value "Coding For All".
|
||
4. Print the variable company using _print()_.
|
||
5. Print the length of the company string using _len()_ method and _print()_.
|
||
6. Change all the characters to uppercase letters using _upper()_ method.
|
||
7. Change all the characters to lowercase letters using _lower()_ method.
|
||
8. Use capitalize(), title(), swapcase() methods to format the value of the string _Coding For All_.
|
||
9. Cut(slice) out the first word of _Coding For All_ string.
|
||
10. Check if _Coding For All_ string contains a word Coding using the method index, find or other methods.
|
||
11. Replace the word coding in the string 'Coding For All' to Python.
|
||
12. Change "Python for Everyone" to "Python for All" using the replace method or other methods.
|
||
13. Split the string 'Coding For All' using space as the separator (split()) .
|
||
14. "Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Oracle, Amazon" split the string at the comma.
|
||
15. What is the character at index 0 in the string _Coding For All_.
|
||
16. What is the last index of the string _Coding For All_.
|
||
17. What character is at index 10 in "Coding For All" string.
|
||
18. Create an acronym or an abbreviation for the name 'Python For Everyone'.
|
||
19. Create an acronym or an abbreviation for the name 'Coding For All'.
|
||
20. Use index to determine the position of the first occurrence of C in Coding For All.
|
||
21. Use index to determine the position of the first occurrence of F in Coding For All.
|
||
22. Use rfind to determine the position of the last occurrence of l in Coding For All People.
|
||
23. Use index or find to find the position of the first occurrence of the word 'because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
24. Use rindex to find the position of the last occurrence of the word because in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
25. Slice out the phrase 'because because because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
26. Find the position of the first occurrence of the word 'because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
27. Slice out the phrase 'because because because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
|
||
28. Does 'Coding For All' start with a substring _Coding_?
|
||
29. Does 'Coding For All' end with a substring _coding_?
|
||
30. ' Coding For All ' , remove the left and right trailing spaces in the given string.
|
||
31. Which one of the following variables return True when we use the method isidentifier():
|
||
- 30DaysOfPython
|
||
- thirty_days_of_python
|
||
32. The following list contains the names of some of python libraries: ['Django', 'Flask', 'Bottle', 'Pyramid', 'Falcon']. Join the list with a hash with space string.
|
||
33. Use the new line escape sequence to separate the following sentences.
|
||
```py
|
||
I am enjoying this challenge.
|
||
I just wonder what is next.
|
||
```
|
||
34. Use a tab escape sequence to write the following lines.
|
||
```py
|
||
Name Age Country City
|
||
Asabeneh 250 Finland Helsinki
|
||
```
|
||
35. Use the string formatting method to display the following:
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
radius = 10
|
||
area = 3.14 * radius ** 2
|
||
The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314 meters square.
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
36. Make the following using string formatting methods:
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
8 + 6 = 14
|
||
8 - 6 = 2
|
||
8 * 6 = 48
|
||
8 / 6 = 1.33
|
||
8 % 6 = 2
|
||
8 // 6 = 1
|
||
8 ** 6 = 262144
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
|
||
|
||
[<< Day 3](../03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md) | [Day 5 >>](../05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md)
|
||
|
||
|