feat(curriculum): add Python error handling review page (#60559)

Co-authored-by: Dario <105294544+Dario-DC@users.noreply.github.com>

curriculum/challenges/english/25-front-end-development/review-error-handling/67f39bcb48373420f4f12d62.md

@@ -7,13 +7,135 @@ dashedName: review-error-handling
 
 # --description--
 
-## First topic
+## Common Errors in Python
 
-Describe
+- **SyntaxError**: The error Python raises when your code does not follow its syntax rules. For example, the code `print("Hello there"` will lead to a syntax error with the message, `SyntaxError: '(' was never closed`, because the code is missing a closing parenthesis.
+- **NameError**: Python raises a `NameError` when you try to access a variable or function you have not defined. For instance, if you have the line `print(username)` in your code without having a `username` variable defined first, you will get a name error with the message `NameError: name 'username' is not defined`.
+- **TypeError**: This is the error Python throws when you perform an operation on two or more incompatible data types. For example, if you try to add a string to a number, you'll get the error `TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str`.
+- **IndexError**: You'll get an `IndexError` if you access an index that does not exist in a list or other sequences like tuple and string. For example, in a `Hello world` string, the index of the last character is `11`. If you go ahead and access a character this way, `greet = "hello world"; print(greet[12])`, you'll get an error with the message `IndexError: string index out of range`.
+- **AttributeError**: Python raises this error when you try to use a method or property that does not exist in an object of that type. For example, calling `.append()` on a string like `"hello".append("!")` will lead to an error with the message `AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'append'`.
 
-## Second topic
+## Good Debugging Techniques in Python
 
-Describe
+- **Using the `print` function**: Inserting `print()` statements around various points in your code while debugging helps you see the values of variables and how your code flows.
+- **Using Python's Built-in Debugger (`pdb`)**: Python provides a `pdb` module for debugging. It's a part of the Python's standard library, so it's always available to use. With `pdb`, you can set a trace with the `set_trace()` method so you can start stepping through the code and inspect variables in an interactive way.
+- **Leveraging IDE Debugging Tools**: Many integrated development environments (IDEs) and code editors like Pycharm and VS Code offer debugging tools with breakpoints, step execution, variable inspection, and other debugging features.
+
+## Exception Handling
+
+- **`try...except`**: This is used to execute a block of code that might raise an exception. The `try` block is  where you anticipate an error might occur, while the `except` block takes a specified exception and runs if that specified error is raised. Here's an example:
+
+  ```py
+  try:
+    print(22 / 0)
+  except ZeroDivisionError:
+    print('You can\'t divide by zero!')
+    # You can't divide by zero!
+  ```
+
+  You can also chain multiple `except` blocks so you can handle more types of exceptions:
+
+  ```py
+  try:
+    number = int(input('Enter a number: '))
+    print(22 / number)
+  except ZeroDivisionError:
+    print('You cannot divide by zero!')
+    # You cannot divide by zero! prints when you enter 0
+  except ValueError:
+    print('Please enter a valid number!')
+    # Please enter a valid number! prints when you enter a string  
+  ```
+
+- **`else` and `finally`**: These blocks extend `try...except`. If no exception occurs, the `else` block runs. The `finally` block always runs regardless of errors.
+
+  ```py
+  try:
+    result = 100 / 4
+  except ZeroDivisionError:
+    print('You cannot divide by zero!') # This will not run
+  else:
+    print(f'Result is {result}') # Result is 25.0
+  finally:
+    print('Execution complete!') # Execution complete!
+  ```
+
+- **Exception Object**: This lets you access the exception itself for better debugging and printing the direct error message. To access the exception object, you need to use the `as` keyword. Here's an example:
+
+  ```py
+  try:
+      value = int('This will raise an error')
+  except ValueError as e:
+      print(f'Caught an error: {e}')
+      # Caught an error: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'This will raise an error'
+  ```
+
+- **The `raise` Statement**: This allows you to manually raise an exception. You can use it to throw an exception when a certain condition is met. Here's an example:
+
+  ```py
+  def divide(a, b):
+      if b == 0:
+          raise ZeroDivisionError('You cannot divide by zero')
+      return a / b
+  ```
+  
+## Exception Signaling
+  
+  The `raise` statement is also useful when you create your own custom exceptions, as you can use it to throw an exception with a custom message. Here's an example of that:
+
+  ```py
+  class InvalidCredentialsError(Exception):
+      def __init__(self, message="Invalid username or password"):
+          self.message = message
+          super().__init__(self.message)
+
+  def login(username, password):
+      stored_username = "admin"
+      stored_password = "password123"
+      
+      if username != stored_username or password != stored_password:
+          raise InvalidCredentialsError()
+      
+      return f"Welcome, {username}!"
+  ```  
+
+  Here's a how you can use the `login` function from the `InvalidCredentialsError` exception:
+
+  ```py
+  # failed login attempt
+  try:
+      message = login("user", "wrongpassword")
+      print(message)
+  except InvalidCredentialsError as e:
+      print(f"Login failed: {e}")
+
+  # successful login attempt
+  try:
+      message = login("admin", "password123")
+      print(message)
+  except InvalidCredentialsError as e:
+      # This block is not executed because the login was successful
+      print(f"Login failed: {e}")
+  else:
+      # The else block runs if the 'try' block completes without an exception
+      print(message)
+  ```
+
+  The `raise` statement can also be used with the `from` keyword to chain exceptions, showing the relationship between different errors:
+
+  ```py
+  def parse_config(filename):
+    try:
+        with open(filename, 'r') as file:
+            data = file.read()
+            return int(data)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        raise ValueError('Configuration file is missing') from None
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid configuration format') from e
+
+  config = parse_config('config.txt')
+  ```
 
 # --assignment--