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countries = [
'Afghanistan',
'Albania',
'Algeria',
'Andorra',
'Angola',
'Antigua and Barbuda',
'Argentina',
'Armenia',
'Australia',
'Austria',
'Azerbaijan',
'Bahamas',
'Bahrain',
'Bangladesh',
'Barbados',
'Belarus',
'Belgium',
'Belize',
'Benin',
'Bhutan',
'Bolivia',
'Bosnia and Herzegovina',
'Botswana',
'Brazil',
'Brunei',
'Bulgaria',
'Burkina Faso',
'Burundi',
'Cambodia',
'Cameroon',
'Canada',
'Cape Verde',
'Central African Republic',
'Chad',
'Chile',
'China',
'Colombi',
'Comoros',
'Congo (Brazzaville)',
'Congo',
'Costa Rica',
"Cote d'Ivoire",
'Croatia',
'Cuba',
'Cyprus',
'Czech Republic',
'Denmark',
'Djibouti',
'Dominica',
'Dominican Republic',
'East Timor (Timor Timur)',
'Ecuador',
'Egypt',
'El Salvador',
'Equatorial Guinea',
'Eritrea',
'Estonia',
'Ethiopia',
'Fiji',
'Finland',
'France',
'Gabon',
'Gambia, The',
'Georgia',
'Germany',
'Ghana',
'Greece',
'Grenada',
'Guatemala',
'Guinea',
'Guinea-Bissau',
'Guyana',
'Haiti',
'Honduras',
'Hungary',
'Iceland',
'India',
'Indonesia',
'Iran',
'Iraq',
'Ireland',
'Israel',
'Italy',
'Jamaica',
'Japan',
'Jordan',
'Kazakhstan',
'Kenya',
'Kiribati',
'Korea, North',
'Korea, South',
'Kuwait',
'Kyrgyzstan',
'Laos',
'Latvia',
'Lebanon',
'Lesotho',
'Liberia',
'Libya',
'Liechtenstein',
'Lithuania',
'Luxembourg',
'Macedonia',
'Madagascar',
'Malawi',
'Malaysia',
'Maldives',
'Mali',
'Malta',
'Marshall Islands',
'Mauritania',
'Mauritius',
'Mexico',
'Micronesia',
'Moldova',
'Monaco',
'Mongolia',
'Morocco',
'Mozambique',
'Myanmar',
'Namibia',
'Nauru',
'Nepal',
'Netherlands',
'New Zealand',
'Nicaragua',
'Niger',
'Nigeria',
'Norway',
'Oman',
'Pakistan',
'Palau',
'Panama',
'Papua New Guinea',
'Paraguay',
'Peru',
'Philippines',
'Poland',
'Portugal',
'Qatar',
'Romania',
'Russia',
'Rwanda',
'Saint Kitts and Nevis',
'Saint Lucia',
'Saint Vincent',
'Samoa',
'San Marino',
'Sao Tome and Principe',
'Saudi Arabia',
'Senegal',
'Serbia and Montenegro',
'Seychelles',
'Sierra Leone',
'Singapore',
'Slovakia',
'Slovenia',
'Solomon Islands',
'Somalia',
'South Africa',
'Spain',
'Sri Lanka',
'Sudan',
'Suriname',
'Swaziland',
'Sweden',
'Switzerland',
'Syria',
'Taiwan',
'Tajikistan',
'Tanzania',
'Thailand',
'Togo',
'Tonga',
'Trinidad and Tobago',
'Tunisia',
'Turkey',
'Turkmenistan',
'Tuvalu',
'Uganda',
'Ukraine',
'United Arab Emirates',
'United Kingdom',
'United States',
'Uruguay',
'Uzbekistan',
'Vanuatu',
'Vatican City',
'Venezuela',
'Vietnam',
'Yemen',
'Zambia',
'Zimbabwe',
];

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# Arithmetic Operations in Python
# Integers
print('Addition: ', 1 + 2)
print('Subtraction: ', 2 - 1)
print('Multiplication: ', 2 * 3)
print ('Division: ', 4 / 2) # Division in python gives floating number
print('Division: ', 6 / 2)
print('Division: ', 7 / 2)
print('Division without the remainder: ', 7 // 2) # gives without the floating number or without the remaining
print('Modulus: ', 3 % 2) # Gives the remainder
print ('Division without the remainder: ',7 // 3)
print('Exponential: ', 3 ** 2) # it means 3 * 3
# Floating numbers
print('Floating Number,PI', 3.14)
print('Floating Number, gravity', 9.81)
# Complex numbers
print('Complex number: ', 1+1j)
print('Multiplying complex number: ',(1+1j) * (1-1j))
# Declaring the variable at the top first
a = 3 # a is a variable name and 3 is an integer data type
b = 2 # b is a variable name and 3 is an integer data type
# Arithmetic operations and assigning the result to a variable
total = a + b
diff = a - b
product = a * b
division = a / b
remainder = a % b
floor_division = a // b
exponential = a ** b
# I should have used sum instead of total but sum is a built-in function try to avoid overriding builtin functions
print(total) # if you don't label your print with some string, you never know from where is the result is coming
print('a + b = ', total)
print('a - b = ', diff)
print('a * b = ', product)
print('a / b = ', division)
print('a % b = ', remainder)
print('a // b = ', floor_division)
print('a ** b = ', exponential)
# Declaring values and organizing them together
num_one = 3
num_two = 4
# Arithmetic operations
total = num_one + num_two
diff = num_two - num_one
product = num_one * num_two
div = num_two / num_two
remainder = num_two % num_one
# Printing values with label
print('total: ', total)
print('difference: ', diff)
print('product: ', product)
print('division: ', div)
print('remainder: ', remainder)
# Calculating area of a circle
radius = 10 # radius of a circle
area_of_circle = 3.14 * radius ** 2 # two * sign means exponent or power
print('Area of a circle:', area_of_circle)
# Calculating area of a rectangle
length = 10
width = 20
area_of_rectangle = length * width
print('Area of rectangle:', area_of_width)
# Calculating a weight of an object
mass = 75
gravity = 9.81
weight = mass * gravity
print(weight, 'N')
print(3 > 2) # True, because 3 is greater than 2
print(3 >= 2) # True, because 3 is greater than 2
print(3 < 2) # False, because 3 is greater than 2
print(2 < 3) # True, because 2 is less than 3
print(2 <= 3) # True, because 2 is less than 3
print(3 == 2) # False, because 3 is not equal to 2
print(3 != 2) # True, because 3 is not equal to 2
print(len('mango') == len('avocado')) # False
print(len('mango') != len('avocado')) # True
print(len('mango') < len('avocado')) # True
print(len('milk') != len('meat')) # False
print(len('milk') == len('meat')) # True
print(len('tomato') == len('potato')) # True
print(len('python') > len('dragon')) # False
# Boolean comparison
print('True == True: ', True == True)
print('True == False: ', True == False)
print('False == False:', False == False)
print('True and True: ', True and True)
print('True or False:', True or False)
# Another way comparison
print('1 is 1', 1 is 1) # True - because the data values are the same
print('1 is not 2', 1 is not 2) # True - because 1 is not 2
print('A in Asabeneh', 'A' in 'Asabeneh') # True - A found in the string
print('B in Asabeneh', 'B' in 'Asabeneh') # False -there is no uppercase B
print('coding' in 'coding for all') # True - because coding for all has the word coding
print('a in an:', 'a' in 'an') # True
print('4 is 2 ** 2:', 4 is 2 **2) # True
print(3 > 2 and 4 > 3) # True - because both statements are true
print(3 > 2 and 4 < 3) # False - because the second statement is false
print(3 < 2 and 4 < 3) # False - because both statements are false
print(3 > 2 or 4 > 3) # True - because both statements are true
print(3 > 2 or 4 < 3) # True - because one of the statement is true
print(3 < 2 or 4 < 3) # False - because both statements are false
print(not 3 > 2) # False - because 3 > 2 is true, then not True gives False
print(not True) # False - Negation, the not operator turns true to false
print(not False) # True
print(not not True) # True
print(not not False) # False

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# Single line comment
letter = 'P' # A string could be a single character or a bunch of texts
print(letter) # P
print(len(letter)) # 1
greeting = 'Hello, World!' # String could be a single or double quote,"Hello, World!"
print(greeting) # Hello, World!
print(len(greeting)) # 13
sentence = "I hope you are enjoying 30 days of python challenge"
print(sentence)
# Multiline String
multiline_string = '''I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
That is why I created 30 days of python.'''
print(multiline_string)
# Another way of doing the same thing
multiline_string = """I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
That is why I created 30 days of python."""
print(multiline_string)
# String Concatenation
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
print(full_name) # Asabeneh Yetayeh
# Checking length of a string using len() builtin function
print(len(first_name)) # 8
print(len(last_name)) # 7
print(len(first_name) > len(last_name)) # True
print(len(full_name)) # 15
#### Unpacking characters
language = 'Python'
a,b,c,d,e,f = language # unpacking sequence characters into variables
print(a) # P
print(b) # y
print(c) # t
print(d) # h
print(e) # o
print(f) # n
# Accessing characters in strings by index
language = 'Python'
first_letter = language[0]
print(first_letter) # P
second_letter = language[1]
print(second_letter) # y
last_index = len(language) - 1
last_letter = language[last_index]
print(last_letter) # n
# If we want to start from right end we can use negative indexing. -1 is the last index
language = 'Python'
last_letter = language[-1]
print(last_letter) # n
second_last = language[-2]
print(second_last) # o
# Slicing
language = 'Python'
first_three = language[0,3] # starts at zero index and up to 3 but not include 3
last_three = language[3:6]
print(last_three) # hon
# Another way
last_three = language[-3:]
print(last_three) # hon
last_three = language[3:]
print(last_three) # hon
# Skipping character while splitting Python strings
language = 'Python'
pto = language[0,6:2] #
print(pto) # pto
# Escape sequence
print('I hope every one enjoying the python challenge.\nDo you ?') # line break
print('Days\tTopics\tExercises')
print('Day 1\t3\t5')
print('Day 2\t3\t5')
print('Day 3\t3\t5')
print('Day 4\t3\t5')
print('This is a back slash symbol (\\)') # To write a back slash
print('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"')
## String Methods
# capitalize(): Converts the first character the string to Capital Letter
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.capitalize()) # 'Thirty days of python'
# count(): returns occurrences of substring in string, count(substring, start=.., end=..)
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.count('y')) # 3
print(challenge.count('y', 7, 14)) # 1
print(challenge.count('th')) # 2`
# endswith(): Checks if a string ends with a specified ending
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.endswith('on')) # True
print(challenge.endswith('tion')) # False
# expandtabs(): Replaces tab character with spaces, default tab size is 8. It takes tab size argument
challenge = 'thirty\tdays\tof\tpython'
print(challenge.expandtabs()) # 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.expandtabs(10)) # 'thirty days of python'
# find(): Returns the index of first occurrence of substring
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
# format() formats string into nicer output
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
job = 'teacher'
country = 'Finland'
sentence = 'I am {} {}. I am a {}. I live in {}.'.format(first_name, last_name, job, country)
print(sentence) # I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am a teacher. I live in Finland.
radius = 10
pi = 3.14
area = pi # radius ## 2
result = 'The area of circle with {} is {}'.format(str(radius), str(area))
print(result) # The area of circle with 10 is 314.0
# index(): Returns the index of substring
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
# isalnum(): Checks alphanumeric character
challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
challenge = '30DaysPython'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
challenge = 'thirty days of python 2019'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
# isalpha(): Checks if all characters are alphabets
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isalpha()) # True
num = '123'
print(num.isalpha()) # False
# isdecimal(): Checks Decimal Characters
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
# isdigit(): Checks Digit Characters
challenge = 'Thirty'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # False
challenge = '30'
print(challenge.digit()) # True
# isdecimal():Checks decimal characters
num = '10'
print(num.isdecimal()) # True
num = '10.5'
print(num.isdecimal()) # False
# isidentifier():Checks for valid identifier means it check if a string is a valid variable name
challenge = '30DaysOfPython'
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # False, because it starts with a number
challenge = 'thirty_days_of_python'
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # True
# islower():Checks if all alphabets in a string are lowercase
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.islower()) # True
challenge = 'Thirty days of python'
print(challenge.islower()) # False
# isupper(): returns if all characters are uppercase characters
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isupper()) # False
challenge = 'THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON'
print(challenge.isupper()) # True
# isnumeric():Checks numeric characters
num = '10'
print(num.isnumeric()) # True
print('ten'.isnumeric()) # False
# join(): Returns a concatenated string
web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
result = '#, '.join(web_tech)
print(result) # 'HTML# CSS# JavaScript# React'
# strip(): Removes both leading and trailing characters
challenge = ' thirty days of python '
print(challenge.strip('y')) # 5
# replace(): Replaces substring inside
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.replace('python', 'coding')) # 'thirty days of coding'
# split():Splits String from Left
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.split()) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
# title(): Returns a Title Cased String
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.title()) # Thirty Days Of Python
# swapcase(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.swapcase()) # THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON
challenge = 'Thirty Days Of Python'
print(challenge.swapcase()) # tHIRTY dAYS oF pYTHON
# startswith(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # True
challenge = '30 days of python'
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # False

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empty_list = list() # this is an empty list, no item in the list
print(len(empty_list)) # 0
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'] # list of fruits
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage','Onion', 'Carrot'] # list of vegetables
animal_products = ['milk', 'meat', 'butter', 'yoghurt'] # list of animal products
web_techs = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React','Redux', 'Node', 'MongDB'] # list of web technologies
countries = ['Finland', 'Estonia', 'Denmark', 'Sweden', 'Norway']
# Print the lists and it length
print('Fruits:', fruits)
print('Number of fruits:', len(fruits))
print('Vegetables:', vegetables)
print('Number of vegetables:', len(vegetables))
print('Animal products:',animal_products)
print('Number of animal products:', len(animal_products))
print('Web technologies:', web_techs)
print('Number of web technologies:', len(web_techs))
print('Number of countries:', len(countries))
# Modifying list
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
first_fruit = fruits[0] # we are accessing the first item using its index
print(first_fruit) # banana
second_fruit = fruits[1]
print(second_fruit) # orange
last_fruit = fruits[3]
print(last_fruit) # lemon
# Last index
last_index = len(fruits) - 1
last_fruit = fruits[last_index]
# Accessing itmes
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
last_fruit = fruits[-1]
second_last = fruits[-2]
print(last_fruit) # lemon
print(second_last) # mango
# Slicing items
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
all_fruits = fruits[0:4] # it returns all the fruits
# this is also give the same result as the above
all_fruits = fruits[0:] # if we don't set where to stop it takes all the rest
orange_and_mango = fruits[1:3] # it does not include the end index
orange_mango_lemon = fruits[1:]
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
all_fruits = fruits[-4:] # it returns all the fruits
# this is also give the same result as the above
orange_and_mango = fruits[-3:-1] # it does not include the end index
orange_mango_lemon = fruits[-3:]
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits[0] = 'Avocado'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits[1] = 'apple'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'apple', 'mango', 'lemon']
last_index = len(fruits)
fruits[last_index] = 'lime'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'apple', 'mango', 'lime']
# checking items
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
does_exist = 'banana' in fruits
print(does_exist) # True
does_exist = 'lime' in fruits
print(does_exist) # False
# Append
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.append('apple')
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'apple']
fruits.append('lime') # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'apple', 'lime]
print(fruits)
# insert
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.insert(2, 'apple') # insert apple between orange and mango
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.list(3, 'lime') # ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'mango', 'lime','lemon',]
print(fruits)
# remove
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.remove('banana')
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.remove('lemon')
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango']
# pop
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.remove()
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango']
fruits.remove(0)
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango']
# del
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
del fruits[0]
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
del fruits[1]
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'lemon']
del fruits
print(fruits) # This should give: NameError: name 'fruits' is not defined
# clear
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.clear()
print(fruits) # []
# copying a lits
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits_copy = fruits.copy()
print(fruits_copy) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
# join
positive_numbers = [1, 2, 3,4,5]
zero = [0]
negative_numbers = [-5,-4,-3,-2,-1]
integers = negative_numbers + zero + positive_numbers
print(integers)
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage','Onion', 'Carrot']
fruits_and_vegetables = fruits + vegetables
print(fruits_and_vegetables )
# join with extend
num1 = [0, 1, 2, 3]
num2= [4, 5,6]
num1.extend(num2)
print('Numbers:', num1)
negative_numbers = [-5,-4,-3,-2,-1]
positive_numbers = [1, 2, 3,4,5]
zero = [0]
negative_numbers.extend(zero)
negative_numbers.extend(positive_numbers)
print('Integers:', negative_numbers)
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage','Onion', 'Carrot']
fruits.extend(vegetables)
print('Fruits and vegetables:', fruits )
# count
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits.count('orange')) # 1
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
print(ages.count(24)) # 3
# index
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits.index('orange')) # 1
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
print(ages.index(24))
# Reverse
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.reverse()
print(fruits.reverse())
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
ages.reverse()
print(ages.reverse())
# sort
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.sort()
print(fruits)
fruits.sort(reverse=True)
print(fruits)
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
ages.sort()
print(ages)
ages.sort(reverse=True)
print(ages)

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